Humans and Environment i. identify ecological conditions that favour the spread

Contents & notes: what this topic covers

Under Humans and Environment i. identify ecological conditions that favour the spread, the JAMB Biology syllabus expects you to study:

• 7. Humans and Environment
• (a) Diseases:
• (i) Common and endemic diseases ii. Easily transmissible diseases and disease syndrome such as: - poliomyelitis - cholera - tuberculosis - sexually transmitted disease/syndrome (gonorrhea, syphilis, AIDS, etc.) b. Drug abuse: i. Drug addiction ii. Commonly abused drugs iii. Prevention of drug abuse c. Pollution and its control
• (i) Sources, types, effects and methods of control.
• (ii) Sanitation and sewage d. Conservation of Natural Resources e. Game reserves and National parks D: HEREDITY AND VARIATIONS
• (I) Variation In Population a. Morphological variations in the physical appearance of individuals.
• (i) size (height and weight)
• (ii) Colour (skin, eye, hair, coat of animals, scales and feathers).
• (iii) Fingerprints b. Physiological variation
• (i) Ability to roll tongue
• (ii) Ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)
• (iii) Blood groups c. Application of discontinuous variation in crime detection, blood transfusion and determination of paternity.

Study notes & guidance

Study Humans and Environment i. identify ecological conditions that favour the spread using a recommended Biology textbook that follows the JAMB syllabus. Work through the contents listed above one by one, make brief notes in your own words, and then practise as many questions on this topic as you can — in Biology, understanding and steady practice matter far more than memorising. Use the objectives below as a checklist: if you can do each one confidently, you have mastered this topic.

Objectives — candidates should be able to

After studying Humans and Environment i. identify ecological conditions that favour the spread, you should be able to:

1. Identify ecological conditions that favour the spread of common endemic and potentially epidemic diseases e.g. malaria, meningitis, drancunculiasis, schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, typhoid fever and cholera.
2. Relate the biology of the vector or agent of each disease with its spread and control
3. Define drug abuse and addiction
4. List the commonly abused drugs
5. State the effects of drug abuse on human health
6. Use the knowledge of the causative organisms, mode of transmission and symptoms of the listed diseases to their prevention - treatment - control
7. Apply the principles of inoculation and vaccination on disease prevention.
8. Categorize pollution into air, water and soil
9. Relate the effects of common pollutants to human health and environmental degradation.
10. Determine the methods by which each pollutant may be controlled.
11. Explain the importance of sanitation with emphasis on solid waste, sewage disposal, community health and personal hygiene.
12. Assess the roles and functions of international and national health agencies e.g. World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF), International Red Cross Society (IRCS) and the ministries of health and environment.
13. Apply the various methods of conservation of both the renewable and non-renewable natural resources for the protection of our environment for present and future generations.
14. Outline the benefits of conserving natural resources, prevention of desertification.
15. Identify the bodies responsible for the conservation of resources at the national and international levels e.g. Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF), Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeria National Parks, World Wildlife Foundation (WWF), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and their activities.
16. Identify and state the location and importance of game reserves and National parks in Nigeria
17. Differentiate between continuous and discontinuous variations with examples.
18. Relate the role of environmental conditions, habitat and the genetic constitution to variation.
19. Measure heights and weights of pupils of the same age group
20. Plot graphs of frequency distribution of the heights and weights.
21. Observe and record various colour patterns in some plants and animals.
22. Apply classification of fingerprints in identity detection.
23. Identify some specific examples of physiological variation among human population.
24. Categorize people according to their physiological variation.
25. Apply the knowledge of blood groups in blood transfusion and determination of paternity.
26. Use discontinuous variation in crime detection.

These objectives are from the official JAMB syllabus. Use them as a checklist — if you can do each one confidently, you have mastered this topic.

Source: official JAMB UTME Biology syllabus (IBASS, jamb.gov.ng). Reproduced for study use. Last checked: 17 Sept 2026. Always confirm the current syllabus on the official portal.